Nov 15, 2017 pps were woken up following 5 or 15 minutes in rem sleep, asked how long they thought they were sleeping for, report of dream content and number of words counted. Each stage of sleep serves a unique restorative function, including. William dement, director of the sleep disorders clinic at stanford university and one of kleitmans former students. Kales 1968 a manual of standardized terminology, techniques and scoring system for sleep. This allowed the stages of sleep, or sleep architecture to be. Over the course of the night, the body will go through this fivestage cycle four to six times, spending an average of 90 minutes in each stage. One cycle of remnonrem lasts about 90100 minutes and during the night, 4 5 cycles occur. From overnight recording of eeg and electrooculogram eog, kleitman with dement 4 specified the cyclic pattern of remnonrem sleep. This was exciting and profound to the researchers, since dreams were such an important subject in the study of psychology. For example, we now know that after you fall asleep, you sleep in four stages, beginning with the lightest sleep stage 1 and progressing into deeper and deeper stages. The relation of eye movements during sleep to dream activity dement, w. After the discovery of the rapideyemovements rem sleep dement and kleitman, 1957, this categorization evolved slightly and converge towards the actual consensus with two major sleep states. This is the time when the body does most of its repair work and regeneration. Loomis and his coworkers used eeg recordings to classify 5 different levels of sleep that they referred to using the letters a to e.
This great picture is of nathaniel kleitman serving as a subject in one of his own sleep experiments. Sleep and dreaming semel institute for neuroscience and. Pdf the relation of eye movements during sleep to dream. Polysomnography psg is a multiparametric test used in the study of sleep and as a diagnostic tool and the test result is known as polysomnogram. It discusses phases of the sleep cycle, experimental work on sleep and wakefulness, sleep disorders and their treatment, and such sleep like states as hypnosis and hibernation. Aserinsky and kleitman also divided nonrem sleep into four stages. Describe the first part of the basic procedure of dement and kleitman s study instructed to eat normally, avoid caffeine or alcohol on the day of experiment. Many early writings discuss sleep and sleep disorders in a variety of ways. June 3, 1957, introduction the eeg patterns accompanying dream ing have never been adequately. Improved sleep scoring in mice reveals humanlike stages. Active brainwaves, rise in blood pressure, respiration, etc.
They were not told about their eeg pattern or whether their eyes were moving. Home a level and ib study tools psychology dement and kleitman 1957 dement and kleitman 1957 0. Home a level and ib study tools psychology dement and kleitman 1957 dement and kleitman 1957. Assignment 1 evaluation practice write a pee point evaluating the dement and kleitman study either positively or negatively for the following points. However, in this paper, slow wave sleep is still called deep sleep.
You can also find all of the past exam questions on dement and kleitmans study here. The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between eye movements and rem with dreaming. Sleep physiology sleep disorders and sleep deprivation ncbi. Hypothesis 1 there will be a significant association between rem sleep and dreaming. Department of physiology, university of chicago reeeiwd for publication. In 10 peptic ulcer patients, 5 duodenal ulcer and 5 gastric ulcer patients, the relation of nocturnal intragastric ph to eeg sleep stages was examined. You can also find all of the past exam questions on dement and kleitman s study here. After the first cycle, your brain alternates between rem and nrem sleep in reverse order for example, after rem, you will transition back into n3, then n2, then back to n3, then rem. People go through different stages while theyre asleep stages 1 is light sleep, stages 2, 3 and 4 get deeper and deeper these stages are nonrem nrem sleep stage 5, the deepest, is rem sleep after a while of rem, you drop back to a lighter stage then repeat the cycle. In the second sleep cycle, there is less stage 4 and more stage 2 sleep. Cyclic variations in eeg during sleep and their relation. The authors mentioned that, although dement and dement and kleitman thought that the depth of this sleep stage was intermediate between waking and sleep slow wave sleep, jouvets team estimated that it was a deeper stage. Whether eye movement patterns represent visual experience of dream content or whether they are random movements from activation of central nervous system. Dement and kleitman 1957 the relation of eye movements.
Dement and kleitman 1957 flashcards in a level and ib. Below is a very brief summary of the dement and kleitman study. During other stages, on the other hand, they normally do not report dreaming. Dement and nathaniel kleitman, journaljournal of experimental psychology, year. Dement and kleitman were the first researchers to use the eeg machineeach sleep cycle lasts 90 minsfreuds ideas on dreams include. These sleep stages and their primary characteristics are those originally described by dement and kleitman 1957b, at the begin ning of the experiment the subjects were informed that t hey might hearatone during some of their nights of sleep in the laboratory, the tone was demonstrated and the subject was instructed to call out should it. Next, in 1957, dement and kleitman published 2 full papers devoted to the dreaming stage of sleep.
The effects of stage four sleep deprivation sciencedirect. For example, after rem, you will transition back into n3, then n2, then back to n3, then rem. The first four stages are classified as nrem nonrapid eye movement sleep, while the last stage is classified as rem rapid eye movement sleep. Participants were woken by a doorbell at various times during the night and asked to describe their dream if they had one, then returned to sleep. Dement and kleitman thought they could come up with a study that was more reliable and decreased people lying and falsifying results, due to social desirability. Two or more elctrodes were attatched near the eyes via eog, and two or more electrodes were attatched to the scalp via eeg. In 5 of 6 subjects there was a marked tendency for the eyes to move between the 2. William charles dement born july 29, 1928 is an american sleep researcher and founder of the sleep research center at stanford university. The nocturnal intragastric ph was monitored by phmeasuring telemeter and sleep stages were recorded simultaneously by electroencephalography throughout the night. Over the course of a period of sleep, nrem and rem sleep alternate cyclically figure 21. As you get closer to morning and waking up, you end up going through just sleep stages 1 and 2 followed by rem sleep. Stages 3 and 4 can last anywhere from 5 15 minutes each, but the first deep sleep of the night is more likely to be an hour or so. Kleitmanthe relationship of eye movements during sleep to. Dement and kleitman sleep and dreaming flashcards quizlet.
They chose which duration they had been woken up after. This allowed the stages of sleep, or sleep architecture to be observed, and subsequently defined, for the first time. Researchers dement and kleitman investigated various relationships between sleep and dreams. Jan 01, 2009 the authors mentioned that, although dement 21 and dement and kleitman 18 thought that the depth of this sleep stage was intermediate between waking and sleep slow wave sleep, jouvets team estimated that it was a deeper stage. Dement, now a professor of psychiatry at the stanford medical school, has described this as the year that the study of sleep became a true scientific field. From the study on sleep and dreaming by dement and kleitman, outline one way in which the study is low in ecological validity. However, the skeletal muscles are atonic, or without movement. Jan 12, 2019 a healthy adult with no sleep disorders will cycle through the sleep stages on average 4 5 times a night. Dement and kleitman eye movements in sleep psych tutor. Dement and kleitman sleep and dreaming by danielle poole. N3 is used to indicate the sum of stage 3 and stage 4 often called slowwave sleep in human literature.
After you reach the deepest stage stage 4, you begin to move back up through the stages. Pdf on jan 1, 2019, michelle carr and others published dream recall and content in. Each one occurs in a recurring cycle of 90 to 110 minuets. Another change is to the nomenclature for the recording placements. Sleep and dreaming sleep is expressed as a circadian rhythm. Kleitman and aserinsky demonstrated that rem sleep was correlated with dreaming and brain activity. A healthy adult with no sleep disorders will cycle through the sleep stages on average 4 5 times a night. There are a total of 5 stages in the sleeping cycle. Eugene aserinsky and william dement, who discovered that sleep was not a. One of the problems in the 1950s was the problem of the measurements. Prior to the study researchers had to rely on selfreport method. During sleep, the body moves through five different stages of both rem rapid eye movement and nrem nonrapid eye movement sleep. He is a leading authority on sleep, sleep deprivation and the diagnosis and treatment of sleep disorders such as sleep apnea and narcolepsy.
He is the director and founder of the stanford university sleep disorders clinic and research center, the worlds first sleep disorders center. Pps were woken up following 5 or 15 minutes in rem sleep, asked how long they thought they were sleeping for, report of dream content and number of words counted. The nocturnal intragastric ph in eeg sleep stages in. Rem is primarily the state where we dream, has lots. Another of kleitman s graduate students, william c. Another major impetus to our present understanding of sleep research came from nathaniel kleitman and two of his graduate students, eugene aserinsky and william dement, who discovered that sleep was not a single process but that there were two distinctly different kinds of sleep. William dement at his sleep laboratory at stanford university. Here is a multiple choice quiz and here is a cloze exercise. With the pressures of everyday life pulling us every which way and the demands to constantly deliver, most of us barely find the time to eat let alone get. Dement, a giant in american sleep sleep seems to be the last thing on our minds in this 247, always on the go society we find ourselves in. For this pioneering work in a previously uncharted field in the united states, he is sometimes referred to.
Stage 5 of the sleep cycle, or rem sleep, is the stage of sleep associated with dreaming. Describe the first part of the basic procedure of dement and kleitmans study instructed to eat normally, avoid caffeine or alcohol on the day of experiment. Rem sleep occurs during alpha wave sleep, the lightest of the sleep stages. This stage usually lasts 1 to 7 minutes in the initial cycle, constituting 2 to 5 percent of total sleep, and is. The relation of eye movements during sleep to dream activity. Its during stage 4 sleep that children are most likely to suffer from bedwetting or sleep terrors. Rem occurs at regular intervals during the night 2. Identify two controls used in the study on sleep and dreaming by dement and kleitman. Dement and kleitman flashcards in a level and ib psychology. Mr gregory online the relation of eye movements during sleep to dream activity dement, w. Normal human sleep comprises two statesrapid eye movement rem and nonrem nrem sleep. They found that dreaming occurs during the rem stage of sleep, that the length of the dream experience corresponds to how long the rem stage lasts, and that the direction of movements found in dream content match the patterns of eye movement during rem sleep. Rem periods increase in length as the night progresses 2. The duration of the second sleep cycle, measured from the end of the first rem sleep period to the end of the second, is generally longer than the first, averaging 100 to 110 minutes.
Nrem sleep comprises 75 percent of one nights sleep, while rem only takes part of the remaining 25 percent. Additionally the researchers concluded that direction of the eye movement also correlated with dreams, for example. When dement and kleitman discovered that rem sleep was a distinct state in 1953, it led them to reclassify the stages of sleep, separating rem from the other four stages of nonrem and giving us the model we use. One of the problems researchers in sleep had was objectivity and mainly relied on self report which is subject to dcs and falsification of resultssdb. William charles dement, one of the first scientists to measure brain activity during sleep using electroencephalography, or eeg. Pdf dream recall and content in different stages of sleep and. You will need to use the more detailed summary here to revise for the exam. In 1957, researchers dement and kleitman conducted a similar study eliciting 351.
This barcode number lets you verify that youre getting exactly the right version or edition of a book. Participants, when woken up shortly after rem sleep, were more likely to remember their dreams than those who were woken up long after rem sleep. The first stage, stage 1, or stage n1 of nrem sleep is a light phase of sleep when you can be woken up easily. Welcome to the sleep well, the personal site of dr. Participants were woken up either form rem or nrem sleep but not told which. He never really got the spotlight because he chose to specialize in an area that was seen as a backwater at the time, but there are now nearly six billion people on earth. Dement and kleitman 1957 the relation of eye movements during sleep to dream activity. Dement and kleitman were the first researchers to use the eeg machine each sleep cycle lasts 90 mins freuds ideas on dreams include. The rem portion of the second cycle is a little longer than the first, usually around 10 to 20 minutes. For half a century, sleep and wakefulness has been a valuable reference work. During the 4 hours of recording, there were 2 to 3 such periods. Dement discovered in these results from the first several nights that the.